home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- FACT SHEET:WIDE-FIELD/PLANETARY CAMERA
-
-
- NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, which is bringing the most
- distant reaches of the universe seven times closer, carries the
- Wide-Field/Planetary Camera I (WF/PC-I), designed and built by
- the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the California Institute of
- Technology.
- The Hubble Space Telescope was launched and deployed into
- orbit 330 nautical miles (370 statute miles) above the Earth's
- surface from NASA's space shuttle Discovery on April 24, 1990.
- For a planned 15 years following launch, the telescope and
- camera will continue to study objects ranging from asteroids,
- comets and planets within our solar system to galaxies and
- quasars at the furthest and oldest reaches of the universe.
- In conjunction with the telescope, WF/PC-I detects objects
- 100 times fainter than those visible from Earth-based telescopes,
- with about 10 times greater spatial resolution.
- The largest Earth-based telescopes can detect objects at a
- distance of about 2 billion light-years, or about 12 billion
- trillion miles. The Hubble Space Telescope extends our vision to
- objects 15 billion light-years away.
- By looking deeper into the universe, astronomers see farther
- back in time. Since the universe is believed to be perhaps 20
- billion years old, the space telescope can look back to nearly
- the beginning of the universe.
- A second camera, called WF/PC-II, is also being built by
- JPL. Astronauts will install WF/PC-II on the Hubble Space
- 1
-
-
- Telescope to replace the original camera in December 1993 on
- shuttle mission STS-68. The Hubble Space Telescope is expected
- to operate at least until the year 2005.
-
- THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
- Authorized by the U.S. Congress in 1977, the space telescope
- is named for American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble. Hubble's
- observations from Mt. Wilson Observatory overlooking Pasadena,
- California, in the 1920s established the reality of galaxies
- besides our own and led him to conclude that the universe is
- expanding.
- The Hubble Space Telescope was carried into Earth orbit in
- the cargo bay of space shuttle Discovery on mission STS-31
- launched on April 24, 1990. It was released from the shuttle
- April 25, 1990, at an altitude of 615 kilometers (370 statute
- miles or 330 nautical miles) above the Earth. The space
- telescope orbits the Earth once every 95 minutes.
- The space telescope is 13.1 meters (43 feet) long and 4.3
- meters (14 feet) in diameter, about the size of a railroad tank
- car. It weighs 12,000 kilograms (25,000 pounds), about as much
- as 10 automobiles.
- Light from distant space objects enters the telescope's tube
- at one end and hits a primary mirror 2.4 meters (94.5 inches or
- nearly eight feet) in diameter.
- The light reflected from that mirror then hits a secondary
- mirror, located 4.9 meters (16 feet) in front of the primary
-
-
-
-
- mirror. The secondary mirror is 30 centimeters (12 inches) in
- diameter.
- From there, the beam of light narrows and intensifies,
- passing through a 60-centimeter (two-foot) hole in the center of
- the primary mirror. The light is then directed into one of five
- science instruments. They are:
- * The Wide-Field/Planetary Camera, the space telescope's
- general-purpose camera;
- * The Faint Object Camera, designed to study extremely
- distant stars and galaxies;
- * The Faint Object Spectrograph, which will examine the
- chemistry of extremely faint objects;
- * The High-Resolution Spectrograph, to study faint objects
- in the ultraviolet portion of the light spectrum;
- * The High-Speed Photometer, which will measure the
- brightness of space objects and changes in brightness over time.
- The science instruments yield data in digital form which is
- transmitted to the ground, where the data is converted to
- pictures and other usable forms.
- Electrical power for the space telescope is provided by two
- arrays of 48,000 solar cells positioned like a pair of wings on
- either side of the telescope's main tube. Power is stored in six
- batteries so operations are continuous when the telescope is in
- the Earth's shadow.
- The space telescope's pointing control system is responsible
- for moving the telescope and pointing it at the celestial object
-
-
-
- selected for study. This system is made up of gyroscopes,
- momentum wheels, magnetic torques and star trackers
- which can keep the space telescope steady to within seven one-
- thousandths (0.007) of an arc second -- the equivalent of locking
- onto a dime in San Francisco from Los Angeles (or in Washington,
- D.C., from Boston) more than 400 miles away.
- Other support systems include the space telescope's main
- computer, which controls the overall spacecraft; high-gain
- antennas which receive ground commands and transmit data back to
- Earth; a thermal control system using thermal blankets and a
- network of tiny heaters to keep the telescope within an
- acceptable temperature range; and a safing system, designed to
- take over control of the telescope to protect it from damage in
- case of serious computer problems or loss of communication with
- ground controllers.
-
- THE WIDE-FIELD/PLANETARY CAMERA
- The WF/PC-I instrument actually consists of two camera
- systems -- the wide-field camera and the planetary camera.
- The wide-field camera provides the greatest sensitivity for
- the detection of distant objects. The wide-field camera has a
- focal ratio of f/12.9, a field of view of 2.67 arc-minutes and a
- resolution of 0.1 arc-second per picture element, or pixel.
- The planetary camera facilitates high-resolution studies of
- individual objects including planets, galaxies and stellar
- objects. This camera has a focal ratio of f/30 and a field of
- view of 1.15 arc-minutes.
-
-
-
- The planetary camera's resolution is 0.043 arc-second per
- pixel. This would allow the camera to resolve an object the
- size of a baseball from a distance of 200 miles (about the
- distance from New York City to Washington, D.C.).
- Approximate sizes of the planets as seen by the planetary
- camera at the time of year each is closest to the Earth are as
- follows:
-
- Planet Diameter in pixels
-
- Mars 380
-
- Jupiter 1,090
-
- Saturn 450
-
- Uranus 90
-
- Neptune 55
-
- Pluto 2
-
-
- When light comes to a focus within the camera, it is turned
- into digital data by solid-state detectors called charge-coupled
- devices (CCDs). The wide-field and planetary cameras are each
- equipped with a complement of four CCDs.
- Each CCD contains 800 by 800 pixels (640,000 total per
- chip). Transmitted back to Earth and recombined as a mosaic, the
- image produced by the four CCDs is 1,600 by 1,600 pixels (2.56
- million total per picture).
- The cameras have a spectral response ranging from near-
- infrared to ultraviolet wavelengths (11,000 to 1,200 angstroms).
- Forty-eight filters, polarizers and gratings mounted on 12 filter
-
-
-
- wheels can be rotated in front of the cameras. Shutter speeds
- may vary from 110 milliseconds (about 1/10th second) to 28 hours.
- Overall, the Wide-Field/Planetary Camera weighs 280
- kilograms (615 pounds) and consumes between 140 and 200 watts of
- electrical power. A system of a radiator, heat pipes and
- thermoelectric coolers keep the CCDs at a constant temperature
- between -80 and -110 C (-112 and -166 F).
- The second-generation instrument, WF/PC-II, is nearly
- identical to WF/PC-I in general specifications. It will,
- however, carry a revised filter set, a much improved far-
- ultraviolet filter and a newer type of CCD. It will also include
- modifications to the curvatures of eight small relay mirrors to
- compensate for the flaw in the space telescope's primary mirror.
-
- WF/PC SCIENCE OBJECTIVES
- The Wide-Field/Planetary Camera supports many investigations
- across a diverse range of astronomical fields. Objectives laid
- out by the WF/PC science team are:
- * Determination of the cosmic distance scale, with an
- expected seven-fold improvement in current estimates;
- * Tests of models of the universe and cosmic evolution;
- * Comparative evolutionary studies of distant and local
- galaxies;
- * Studies of populations of stars to very faint levels;
- * High-resolution studies of galactic centers;
- * Examination of energy distribution of stars and compact
- sources such as quasars;
-
-
- * Dynamic motions in supernova remnants and proto-
- stars;
- * Search for perturbations of nearby stars that would
- indicate the presence of planets the size of Jupiter in orbit
- around them;
- * Observe cloud motions and identify compositions of
- planetary atmospheres in our solar system;
- * Map the surfaces of moons, asteroids and comets in our
- solar system.
-
- HUBBLE TELESCOPE AND WF/PC-I PERFORMANCE REPORT
- After the space telescope was placed in its designated
- orbit, a six-month testing period began during which time
- engineers tested the space telescope's systems and scientific
- instruments.
- Two months into the testing period, a flaw in the curvature
- of the telescope's 94.5-inch diameter primary mirror was
- discovered. The flaw prevents incoming starlight from focusing
- at precisely the same point on the telescope's focal plane.
- Four of the telescope's five scientific instruments are
- mounted directly behind and perpendicular to the focal plane.
- WF/PC is mounted radially in the telescope and light from the
- focal plane is deflected at 90 degrees by a "pick-off" mirror
- into the camera aperture. Because of the flaw in the primary
- mirror, light is spread over a larger region of the focal plane,
- causing a blurred rather than sharply focused image to arrive at
- the science instruments.
-
-
-
-
- Images that require a great deal of clarity and detail, such
- as photographs of binary stars circling each other at close range
- or star clusters containing thousands of individual stars inside
- an envelope of dust and gas, have suffered from this loss of
- spatial resolution.
- Currently, the space telescope is able to focus only 10 to
- 15 percent of the light it receives within a diameter of 0.2 arc-
- second. Its original specification was to focus 70 percent of
- the light received.
- Engineers believe that modifications to some of the
- telescope's scientific instruments will be able to correct the
- defect in the curvature of the primary mirror and restore the
- telescope's imaging performance to nearly original goals.
- The Wide-Field/Planetary Camera-I was designed to take high-
- resolution photographs in the visible and near-infrared spectra
- of faint, extended objects in our own and other galaxies. The
- camera is seriously affected by the spherical aberration in the
- space telescope. However, WF/PC-I can still be used to study
- bright, high-contrast objects such as major planetary systems and
- nearby star clusters and galaxies.
- Already WF/PC-I has returned photographs of a giant storm on
- Saturn and taken unique views of Mars and Jupiter. WF/PC-I has
- photographed the nearby star Beta Pictoris with its disk of dust
- and gas that may be a nascent planetary system. Spectrographs,
- which divide the incoming light path into its component colors or
-
-
-
- wavelengths, have revealed a peculiar chemical composition in the
- outer layers of radiation surrounding another star called Chi
- Lupi.
-
- WF/PC-II MODIFICATIONS
- A second-generation Wide Field/Planetary Camera, also being
- built by JPL, was part of the original plan to replace critical
- space telescope instruments during the telescope's overall
- mission lifetime of 15 years.
- The WF/PC-II optics will be modified to compensate for the
- flaw in the space telescope's primary mirror. The camera will
- include its own corrective optics: eight dime-sized secondary
- relay optics mirrors with precisely altered curvatures to restore
- the focus of the incoming light path.
- In addition, four of eight mirrors inside the Wide-
- Field/Planetary Camera-II that fold the light beam as it enters
- the camera's aperture will be slightly modified.
- Finally, mechanical actuators will be mounted on the front
- of the camera's pick-off mirror to control the alignment of the
- optical path leading into WF/PC-II.
- WF/PC-II is the first replacement instrument tentatively
- scheduled for on-orbit installation in December 1993. Astronauts
- will install the new camera during the space shuttle Discovery
- mission STS-68. Additional optical corrections designed to
- restore the focus of other current space telescope instruments
- are also under review.
-
-
-
- ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONNEL
- At JPL, Larry Simmons is the WF/PC program manager. David
- Rodgers is the JPL WF/PC-II project manager and Dr. John Trauger
- of JPL is project scientist for WF/PC-II. Professor James A.
- Westphal of Caltech is the WF/PC-I principal investigator.
- Overall management of the Hubble Space Telescope project is
- the responsibility of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in
- Greenbelt, Maryland. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in
- Huntsville, Alabama, was responsible for the telescope
- development and launch. NASA's Goddard center is also
- responsible for the Space Telescope Science Institute at Johns
- Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, which operates the
- telescope for NASA. The telescope's optical telescope assembly
- was fabricated by the Perkin-Elmer Corp., now Hughes Danbury
- Optical Systems, Inc., while the telescope was integrated by
- Lockheed Missile & Space Corp. in Sunnyvale, Calif.
- The European Space Agency provided the space telescope's
- solar arrays and the Faint Object Camera. Other instrument
- sources are: High-Speed Photometer, built by the University of
- Wisconsin; Faint Object Spectrograph, built by Martin Marietta
- Astronautics for the University of California at San Diego; and
- the High-Resolution Spectrograph, built by Ball Aerospace for
- NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
- WF/PC-I and WF/PC-II are designed and built by Caltech's Jet
- Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science and
- Applications.
- #####
- 6/14/91 dea